Unsafe cycling behaviours and near crashes among Italian cyclists

This study investigates the direct and indirect effect of three types of unsafe behaviours (i.e. errors, generic violations and smartphone-specific violations) on the likelihood of near crashes and actual crashes among Italian cyclists. We considered smartphone-specific violations as a different unsafe behaviour subtype that enhances the probability of committing errors, thus increasing the likelihood of being involved in near crashes. Furthermore, we hypothesized that near crashes will predict actual crashes. Results revealed that errors predicted near crashes, whereas generic and smartphone-specific violations did not. Near crashes mediated the effect of errors on crashes. Moreover, smartphone-specific violations predicted crashes throughout its consecutive effects on errors and near crashes. These findings contribute to deepen our understanding of the relationship between cyclists’ unsafe behaviours, near crashes and actual crashes. To our knowledge, the present study is the first that links errors to near crashes among cyclists.     

城市自行车交通网络规划构想

分析了自行车交通将在我国大部分城市长期存在,并在有些城市处于主体交通方式的现状,认为应充分重视自行车交通的规划和管理工作.提出了城市自行车交通网络规划的要点,分析了西安市城市特点及中心区道路、交通现状,提出了中心区自行车交通网络规划构想.     

Cyclists' helmet usage and characteristics in central and southern Malawi: a cross-sectional study

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of, and factors associated with, bicycle helmet usage in southern and central Malawi. This study was across-sectional observation of public behaviour. The urban and rural roadways in southern and central Malawi were studied during the dry season. In total, 1900 bicyclists were observed along the roadways of southern and central Malawi over a four-day period. Observer ascertainment of cyclists' helmet status, approximate age, sex and bicycle operator or passenger status were measured. Of the 1900 cyclists observed, no cyclist was identified as wearing a helmet (exact 95% CI: 0.0–0.2%). There was no variation by age, sex or operator/passenger status. Nearly, 91.5% of observed cyclists were males and 87.7% were operating the bicycle. The sizeable majority of male cyclists were classified as young adults from adolescence to 25 years old (47.2%) or adults over age 25 (44.9%); 7.9% of male cyclists were pre-adolescent. Passengers were more likely to be female than operators (39.1% versus 4.2%), though, even for passengers, a higher proportion were males than females (p < 0.001). In Malawi, helmet usage is so rare as to be non-existent. This suggests an opportunity for significant improvement. Based on the observed cyclists' characteristics, interventions should be targeted to adult and young adult males.     

Product involvement in do-it-yourself maintenance injury

Abstract

PROBLEM Numerous activities to promote bicycle safety have been implemented in Norway. The overall effect of these activities has not been evaluated.

method Information about cases of bicycle-related injuries occurring in 1990-1993 was obtained from prospective registration of all injuries treated by hospitals and emergency clinics in four urban centers in NORWAY. Incidence was calculated per number of cyclists, based on data obtained from the 1992 National Bicycle Survey. Temporal changes in injury severity and in age-specific incidence (per bicycle riders) of all injuries, upper-head injuries, other injuries, injuries due to bicycle-motor vehicle collision, and injuries leading to inpatient treatment were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS 3,893 injuries occurred in the study population in 1990-1993. The average annual incidence was 33.1 per 10,000 population aged 4 years and higher, or 47.9 per 10,000 bicyclists. No significant secular trends were found for any of the analyzed parameters.

CONCLUSIONS Bicycle safety promotion measures implemented during 1990-1993 did not significantly reduce the risk of bicycle-related injury in Norway. Effective bicycle safety programs should be implemented, based on the positive experiences from other countries. Injury surveillance systems appear to be a useful tool for evaluating injury prevention programs.     

探析台州市“心海绿廊”规划研究

城市的快速发展,使城市本身失去了许多美好的因子,城市规模的无序扩张,也拉远了人与自然的距离。台州市"一心六脉"的城市规划格局是对霍华德"田园城市"的有力释义,是台州城市可持续发展的重要条件之一。在其中"一脉"——"心海绿廊"的景观规划中,提出"留住遗失的美好"的主要规划理念,是尊重和保留基址中自然和人文印记的主要规划思想,是景观规划的重要指导方针。     

Expanding the effect of metro station service coverage by incorporating a public bicycle sharing system

This study examines how metro stations can expand their service coverage for passengers by implementing a public bicycle sharing system (PBSS) in the vicinity. We design a stated preference method questionnaire to determine the choice behavior intention of metro passengers toward PBSS and calibrate the survey data using the mixed logit model. We also use a geographic information system to display this expansion in metro station service coverage following the incorporation of PBSS. We then conduct a cost-benefit analysis of PBSS incorporation into the metro system to determine its cost-effectiveness. The decision criteria for PBSS station allocation strategies as derived in this study can act as useful references for urban planners and PBSS operation agencies when initiating low-carbon and sustainable policies.     

基于共享单车大数据的城市型自行车绿道选线规划途径研究

城市型自行车绿道对于鼓励居民慢行出行,缓解城市交通拥堵具有非常重要的价值。从共享单车社会行为大数据和绿地空间利用潜力分析两方面内容入手,构建了一个基于实际使用需求和城区可建设空间的城市型自行车绿道选线规划途径,并以北京海淀区为例开展实证探索。选线规划途径主要包括：利用共享单车起点—终点数据,并运用熵值法建立评价指标体系进行绿地节点利用潜力分析,确定关键连接节点;通过共享单车轨迹数据得到自行车使用的道路热度,提取现状线性绿地廊道,生成自行车绿道连接的土地适宜性成本栅格;利用连接节点和成本栅格计算最低成本路径,划定绿道选线。该选线途径将随着城市大数据的进一步丰富和准确而得到完善,具有很好的未来应用前景。     

Entry timing,exploration, and firm survival in the early U.S. bicycle industry

We explore the relationship between a firm's entry timing and its probability of surviving the early, uncertain period of its industry, and consider the trade‐off between entering early and potentially establishing a strong position in the industry vs. waiting until technological uncertainty is reduced. We hypothesize that, owing to inertial forces, firms that enter the industry at the earliest point in its history are least likely to make the conversion to the product generation that becomes the dominant design in the industry. Exploration through the introduction of new products appears to reflect a local search process and retards the transition to the dominant design. We also hypothesize that, though firms entering early may exhibit longer life spans, their advantages are limited to the period before the emergence of the dominant design. We test our hypotheses in the early U.S. bicycle industry, and find evidence consistent with the idea that inertia limits firms' abilities to make the transition between generations of product configurations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

都市型绿道的感知与满意度研究——以广州市为例

珠三角"都市型绿道"的"绿色、生态、宜居、幸福"的理念改变着市民的出行方式和消费理念。绿道的建设及使用处于探索时期,在国内外相关研究的基础上,采用问卷调查的形式,以广州市为例研究市民对"都市型绿道"的感知及满意度。利用SPSS17.0对调查数据进行处理,采用因子分析法从绿道的12个观测变量中提炼出市民感知的5类主成份因子,再利用相关分析和多元线性回归分析确定这5类因子中对满意度影响最大的因子,依次为生态景观、通达性和配套设施。通过分析发掘"都市型绿道"的优势因子与弱势因子,对绿道建设和发展提出了具体建议,以进一步推进宜居城乡建设,提升居民幸福指数。     

自行车立体存车库及其控制系统

本文介绍一种自行车立体存车库的方案,较详细地说明了机械结构和控制系统的设计思想及硬软件设计方案。